Does the noun “Jew” refer to a religion or to an ethnicity? Rabbi Ethan Tucker discusses how the rise of Alexander the Great enabled the decoupling of ethnicity from religion, arguing that it was this historical moment that plunged the Jewish community into a centuries-long identity crisis. Tracing attitudes about Judaism as a religion and an ethnicity from Torah though medieval Jewish thought, Rabbi Tucker provides an historical examination of Jewish identity as a religion and an ethnicity.