Evergreen
The Tosafot
The Tosafists continued the conversation with their glosses on the text of the Talmud.
Cantillation: Chanting, or Leyning, the Bible
Today the Bible is chanted in synagogues with an intricate musical system, but the practice began with one man projecting in a marketplace.
Synagogue Music in the Modern Era
Changes are taking place in the leadership, participation, melodies, and instruments that are found in the synagogue.
Hasidism’s Many Critics: Mitnagdim and Maskilim
Traditionalists as well as modernists opposed Hasidism on social, theological and cultural grounds.
Hasidic Movement: A History
This Orthodox spiritual revivalist movement emerged in 18th-century Eastern Europe.
Spinoza
One of the most significant figures in the history of philosophy, Spinoza was excommunicated by the Jewish community.