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The philosophers of the Middle Ages believed they were unearthing existing wisdom, not creating new ideas.

Jewish thought is not a single continuous tradition, but rather a varied mix of works, which reflect the specific ideological and historical positions of those who wrote them.

Medieval commentators suggested justifications for God's hardening Pharaoh's heart.

The idea that God controls the world, determining the trajectory and details of its history, is strong in Judaism and is one of the theological issues that contributes to the Jewish problem of free will.

The belief in a messiah, a person who will redeem the people Israel and usher in a more perfect era, is has long been considered a core plank of Jewish belief.

Some interpretations of the meaning of tefillin have faded, and others have been invented to take their place.

How insider trading and intellectual property theft are viewed.

Themes and Theology of Business Ethics in the Jewish Tradition. Jewish Business Ethics. Jewish Work and Commerce.

Kaddish Yatom, an Aramaic prayer glorifying God, is recited by mourners.

Daily relations between Christians and Jews in the Middle Ages.