The Book of Proverbs is one of the most quoted books of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible). Comprising the second book in the Ketuvim (or Writings) section of the Tanakh, Proverbs is full of lines that share wisdom on the importance of centering your life and relationships around morality, personal responsibility and the values of the Torah. It gives us such memorable maxims that have seeped into popular culture such as “pride goeth before a fall” (Proverbs 16:18) and “spare the rod, spoil the child” (Proverbs 13:24). It also contains colorful exhortations like “Lazybones, go to the ant; study its ways and learn,” (Proverbs 6:6) and this most constant refrain: “Fear of the Lord is the beginning of knowledge.” (Proverbs 1:7)
Jewish tradition teaches that King Solomon authored the Book of Proverbs; in Hebrew, the book is known as Mishlei Shlomo, or “The Proverbs of Solomon,” though modern scholars set the book’s true completion long after King Solomon’s actual reign. Regardless of who truly wrote and compiled the book, it remains a practical source of guidance on life, love, parenting, handling challenging situations, being a good person and more. Here are 10 lines from Proverbs that exemplify the insightful wisdom found throughout the book.
Translations of the original Hebrew text are from Sefaria. Some translations have been lightly edited.
1. “It is a tree of life to those who grasp her, and whoever holds on to her is happy.” (Proverbs 3:18)
For Jews, this is arguably the most well-known line in the Book of Proverbs, especially because it may be the origin of the idea that wisdom, or more specifically Torah (in the classical Jewish interpretation), is a “tree of life” (etz hayim in Hebrew).
Help us keep Jewish knowledge accessible to millions of people around the world.
Your donation to My Jewish Learning fuels endless journeys of Jewish discovery. With your help, My Jewish Learning can continue to provide nonstop opportunities for learning, connection and growth.
Etz hayim serves as a source of inspiration for everything from Jewish jewelry to the names of synagogues and prayer books. It is also a focal point of the Torah service on Shabbat mornings, in which the line and similar ones from Proverbs are sung as the Torah is taken out.
2. “Happy are those who find wisdom…for her income is better than silver, and her revenue better than gold. She is more precious than rubies; All of your goods cannot equal her.” (Proverbs 3:13-15)
While Proverbs is an ancient text, these lines prove that some wisdom is timeless. In our modern consumerist culture, it’s tempting to spend our energy chasing more money, a flashy car or the newest phone. Centuries and centuries later, Proverbs is here to remind us that knowledge is worth more than anything.
3. “A righteous man falls down seven times and gets up.” (Proverbs 24:16)
There are plenty of instances throughout the Tanakh where even the greatest leaders made mistakes and faced hardships and challenges, such as Moses killing the Egyptian or Joseph taunting his brothers. Jewish texts also extensively talk about what it means to be a righteous person, or a tzadik. According to Proverbs 24:16, resilience and determination are central attributes to living a righteous life. But no one gets everything right on the first try.
4. “Just like iron sharpens iron, a man sharpens the wit of his friend.” (Proverbs 27:17)
The creation story outlined in Genesis includes a powerful statement from God: “It is not good for mankind to be alone.” (Genesis 2:18) In the Torah, this leads to the creation of Eve whose existence relieves Adam from the burden of being the only human in existence. In Proverbs, we can understand this line to be an extension of that idea, especially since it led to a creation of its own: the ancient Jewish tradition of studying in pairs (havruta in Hebrew). In the Talmud (Taanit 7a), Rabbi Hanina cites this exact line from Proverbs to explain why Torah is best learned in pairs. Having a partner or havruta allows the learner to pose questions, consider other interpretations and master the subject at hand.
5. “The mouth of the righteous is a fountain of life, but lawlessness covers the mouth of the wicked.” (Proverbs 10:11)
This line further explains what makes someone righteous: not only their actions, but also their speech. It’s also one of many examples from the Book of Proverbs that condemn lashon hara (Hebrew for “evil speech”). Gossip, slander and rumors all fall under the umbrella of lashon hara, which is forbidden in Judaism.
6. “If there is anxiety in a man’s mind, let him quash and transform it into joy with encouragement.” (Proverbs 12:25)
This sentiment is echoed again in Proverbs 17:22: “A joyful heart makes for good health; Despondency dries up the bones.”
Pursuing a life of joy and happiness, even in the face of hardship, is encouraged by various Jewish leaders, most notably by Rav Nachman, the founder of the Hasidic Breslov sect. Rav Nachman is widely known for declaring that “It is a great mitzvah to be happy” and “It is forbidden to be sad.” Rav Nachman’s teachings also acknowledged that struggle and sadness are inevitable and that these emotions should not be ignored, but faced and treated.
Happiness is difficult to achieve in isolation. So much of Judaism is about embracing community — some of the most important mitzvot involve what we can do for others, such as bikkur cholim, or visiting the sick — so it makes sense that this verse would not only encourage us to help our fellow humans, but to specifically bring them back to joy Proverbs 12:25 similarly reminds us of our power to make a change in someone else’s life. If you know someone is struggling, you have the ability (in many situations) to offer encouragement and support. Making someone joyful is of immeasurable value.
7. “Every clever man acts knowledgeably, but a foolish man exposes his stupidity.” (Proverbs 13:16)
This verse reminds us that we should always consider our actions carefully, and sometimes, it’s better to let people reveal themselves for who they really are, rather than working to expose someone as foolish. Proverbs 13:16 is referenced repeatedly in foundational Mussar texts, such as Orchot Tzaddikim (Hebrew for “The Ways of the Righteous”).
8. “He who guards his mouth and tongue protects himself from trouble.” (Proverbs 21:23)
This line can be likened to a common colloquial phrase: Think before you speak. Proverbs 10:11 already reminded us that righteousness means not participating in lashon hara. Proverbs 21:23 goes farther by showing us that by being mindful of our words, we are protecting ourselves from the many consequences that can come with gossiping or spreading rumors. Not only can we hurt others that way — we can also hurt ourselves.
9. “Grandchildren are the crown of their elders, and the glory of children is their parents.” (Proverbs 17:6)
Judaism encourages not only procreation, but also passing the Jewish tradition from generation to generation. This verse alludes to something deeper. Children will follow the example of those closest to them, so being a good role model and demonstrating what living a righteous life looks like for the next generation is just as important as imparting your own wisdom. However, it is also important to reflect on who was a mentor and role model to you. Through intergenerational reciprocity, we can understand that older generations are valuable to younger generations, just as youth are to their grandparents.
10. “More than any observance, protect your heart, for it is the source of life.” (Proverbs 4:23)
In a midrash, Rav Abba was cited as saying that “There are 248 commandments in the Torah corresponding to the organs that are in a human being; for each and every organ cries out at the person and says, ‘Perform a commandment with me so that we may live through its merit and you may lengthen your life.’” (Tanchuma, Ki Teitzei 2:1) While modern science disagrees regarding our organ count, the underlying message stands on its own. What is a human without a heart? Without our hearts, how could we connect to Jewish tradition and the mitzvot?
Bonus: The final 22 verses
Proverbs 31:10-31 are better known as Eshet Hayil, a song often sung on Friday night before Shabbat dinner. The tradition of singing these verses on Shabbat can be traced back to kabbalists in the 17th century, who understood Eshet Hayil allegorically as a representation of the Shekhinah, or the feminine presence of God. Other Jewish thinkers have understood the woman in Eshet Hayil to represent the wisdom found throughout the entire Book of Proverbs.
Sign up here for My Jewish Learning’s email series exploring the Book of Proverbs’ teachings and what we can learn from the biblical book today.
