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A Sephardic Jew records his impression of the city and its Jewish inhabitants in the twelfth century.

According to some Hasidic thinkers, human free will is an illusion; God causes all human actions.

Jewish thinkers have both embraced and directly reacted to foreign ideas and philosophies.

It is difficult to speak of a single or official Jewish worldview, theology, or philosophy. Instead, we must speak of Jewish theologies and philosophies: the various and varied religious worldviews articulated during Judaism's long history.

Jewish tradition assumes that our actions are significant.

The philosophers of the Middle Ages believed they were unearthing existing wisdom, not creating new ideas.

Medieval commentators suggested justifications for God's hardening Pharaoh's heart.

The idea that God controls the world, determining the trajectory and details of its history, is strong in Judaism and is one of the theological issues that contributes to the Jewish problem of free will.

Some interpretations of the meaning of tefillin have faded, and others have been invented to take their place.

Themes and Theology of Business Ethics in the Jewish Tradition. Jewish Business Ethics. Jewish Work and Commerce.

In the Middle Ages, Jewish thinkers struggled to reconcile God's knowledge of the future with human choice.

Jewish thought in modern times has been shaped by radically new political realities.