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Jewish mystics took Judaism's reverence for the Hebrew language one step further, venerating the Hebrew letters themselves and considering them paths to the Divine.

In the Torah, faith in God means trust, not belief in particular propositions.

It is more accurate to speak of Jewish philosophies than of a single Jewish philosophy.

Medieval authorities responded to outside pressures and formulated Jewish principles of faith.

Saadiah articulated Jewish creeds, Maimonides followed suit, and a group of 15th-century Spaniards continued the tradition.

Jewish Doctrine and Dogma. Jewish Ideas and Beliefs, Philosophy and Theology. Articles on Jewish Ideas and Beliefs.

New, more fanatical Muslim rulers caused the quality of Jewish life in North Africa and Egypt to deteriorate during the 12th and 13th centuries.

Arabic was the spoken and written tongue of the Jews in the medieval Muslim empire, a fact that encouraged cultural exchange and the development of new forms for Hebrew poetry.

Medieval Jews found religious tolerance and economic opportunity in Poland

The accumulation of disasters in the Middle Ages--expulsions, crusades, and the Black Death, to name a few--inspired a steady stream of Jewish immigration to the Holy Land.

The Israeli presidency is largely a ceremonial role.