Jewish Community

One of the most significant figures in the history of philosophy, Spinoza was excommunicated by the Jewish community.

The economic history of the Jews in Palestine in late antiquity

Jewish women in the Diaspora.

Two main social structures competed in ancient Israel. The people were united under the monarchy, which organized the state for administrative and taxation purposes. At the same time, the Israelites held fast to their tribal associations.

Jewish History from the beginning through the Babylonian exile.

The Pharisees, Sadducees, and Essenes on law.

In the Second Temple period.

The evolving relationship between the rabbinic sages and the Jews on the street.

Go with Gilgamesh, but lose the animal livers.

Josephus Flavius both participated in and wrote the history of the Jewish interaction with Rome.